Coin Zhenghe tongbao

The iron coin is a round coin with a square hole in the centre, called fangkong qian 方孔錢. These appeared as tongbao 通寶 (“ordinary currency”) coins, which were worth one monetary unit, and yuanbao 元寶 (“original currency”) and zhongbao 重寶 (“heavy currency”), which had a higher face value. Such coins were in circulation as standard money, in many varieties and denominations, from the time of Emperor Gaozu 高祖 (reigned 618–626), first emperor of the Tang Dynasty (618–907), until the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). The inscription on the coin usually consists of two characters, reading from top to bottom, indicating the name of the imperial reign or the single reign period (nianhao 年號) in which the coin was minted. The other two characters are read from right to left. On the left-hand side of the coin, we always find the character bao 寶 (wealth, preciousness), which in combination with the character on the right means “currency” or “money in circulation”. This is most often the character tong 通 (circulate, be uniform, general, or universal), but often it is also yuan 元 (original) or zhong 重 (weight), which usually denote coins with a larger face value. Thus, the entire inscription literally means “money in circulation during the time of this or that emperor” or “during this or that period of the reign of a single emperor”.

Coins from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) are special because the writing in four characters on the front of the coin is sometimes to be read clockwise, from the top character to the character on the left-hand side of the coin. Moreover, whereas the coins of all earlier and later dynasties were usually minted under the same title throughout the reign of a particular emperor, it was common for Song Dynasty emperors to issue several types of coins during their reigns, named after the different periods of their rule. During the time of the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) in particular, the same type of coin was often minted with inscriptions in different fonts or calligraphic styles. In addition to the standard kaishu 楷書 script, the seal script zhuanshu 篆書, the “official script” lishu 隸書, the cursive or “flowing script” xingshu 行書 and the “grass script” caoshu 草書 were also used. With their peculiarities and the artistry of the inscription, the coins of this period even have a kind of artistic value, so it is not surprising that they are highly valued and sought after by collectors and connoisseurs of Chinese money.

The coin in the photo is the so-called Zhenghe tongbao 政和通寶, which we read from top to bottom and from right to left, and has characters written on the obverse in the elaborate standard script or kaishu 楷書. It was minted during the reign of Huizonga 徽宗 (1100–1125), in the period called Zhenghe 政和 (1111–1117), meaning “reign of harmony”. (MG)